The stroboscopic animation principle was also applied in the zoetrope (1866), the flip book (1868) and the praxinoscope (1877). Series of sequential images had occasionally been made over thousands of years, but the stroboscopic disc provided the first method to represent such images in fluent motion and for the first time had artists creating series with a proper systematic breakdown of movements. In 1833, the stroboscopic disc (better known as the phénakisticope) introduced the principle of modern animation with sequential images that were shown one by one in quick succession to form an optical illusion of motion pictures.
Electronic automata were popularized by Disney as animatronics.Īnimators are artists who specialize in creating animation.Ī projecting praxinoscope, from 1882, here shown superimposing an animated figure on a separately projected background scene The mechanical manipulation of three-dimensional puppets and objects to emulate living beings has a very long history in automata. The physical movement of image parts through simple mechanics-for instance moving images in magic lantern shows-can also be considered animation. Apart from short films, feature films, television series, animated GIFs, and other media dedicated to the display of moving images, animation is also prevalent in video games, motion graphics, user interfaces, and visual effects. For display on the computer, techniques like animated GIF and Flash animation were developed.Īnimation is more pervasive than many people know. Television and video are popular electronic animation media that originally were analog and now operate digitally. The illusion-as in motion pictures in general-is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon and beta movement, but the exact causes are still uncertain.Īnalog mechanical animation media that rely on the rapid display of sequential images include the phénakisticope, zoetrope, flip book, praxinoscope, and film. Other common animation methods apply a stop motion technique to two and three-dimensional objects like paper cutouts, puppets, or clay figures.Ĭommonly, the effect of the animation is achieved by a rapid succession of sequential images that minimally differ from each other.
Computer animation can be very detailed 3D animation, while 2D computer animation (which may have the look of traditional animation) can be used for stylistic reasons, low bandwidth, or faster real-time renderings. Today, most animations are made with computer-generated imagery (CGI). In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. This animation moves at 10 frames per second.Īnimation is a method in which figures are manipulated to appear as moving images.
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